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The human environmental impacts exponentially increase along with exponential growth of the scale of economic activities, and it is pointed out that the scale of our economic activities already surpassed some of planetary boundaries. At the same time we face serious under-consumption problems in terms of poverty problems in spite of international...

For effective and practical implementation of border carbon adjustment, it is crucial to determine the carbon content of imports/exports. In this paper we discussed two criteria. One is direct carbon emissions, which accounts for direct emissions generated from production. The other is embodied emissions which accounts for the total emissions...